Refine your search
Collections
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Chaudhary, Anand K.
- Characterization and Comparative Physico-Chemical Studies of Manahshila (Traditionally Used Arsenic Mineral) and the Corresponding Polymorphs of Realgar (As4S4)
Abstract Views :292 |
PDF Views:81
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Rasa Shastra, Institute of Medical Sciences, Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
1 Department of Rasa Shastra, Institute of Medical Sciences, Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 112, No 09 (2017), Pagination: 1936-1941Abstract
This communication presents characterization and comparison of the physico-chemical properties of different varieties of Manahshila with the corresponding polymorphs of realgar. Three varieties of Manahshila have been described in Ayurveda, viz. Shyamangi, Kanavirak and Khandakhya; the last two are acceptable therapeutically. Khandakhya contains high percentage of arsenic than Kanavirak. In this study, both samples of Manahshila have been collected. Their physical and chemical properties have been correlated with the polymorphs of realgar. XRD study classifies Kanavirak as alacranite and Khandakhya as realgar. EDXA study confirms 51.33% and 68.14% of arsenic in alacranite and realgar samples respectively. This work correlates the ancient description of Manahshila with contemporary mineralogical classification (polymorphs) of mineral realgar.Keywords
Alacranite, Manahshila, Physico-Chemical Studies, Polymorphs of Realgar, Mineralogical Classification.Full Text
References
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, 2000, vol. 11/115-116, p. 263.
- Vagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Bhasha Vodhini Commentary (ed. Kulkarni, D. A.), Meharchanda Lakshamana Publications, New Delhi, 2010, 3/91, p. 57.
- Sen, G. D., Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Siddhiprada Hindi Commentary (ed. Mishra, S.), Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2012, 15/39-40, 16/44-50, pp. 442–462.
- Jinzhu, W., Yanbin, S., Jialiang, L., Gang, C. and Paul, C., The medicinal use of realgar (As4S4) and its recent development as an anticancer agent. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2011, 135, 595–602.
- Wang, M. C., Yang, L. H., Liu, S. X. and Li, X. M., Study on realgar induced apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells and clinical application. Shaanxi Med. J. (in Chinese), 2002, 31, 38–39.
- Hede, K., Chinese folk treatment reveals power of arsenic to treat cancer, new studies under way. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2007, 99, 667–678.
- Liu, J., Goyer, R. and Waalkes, M. P., Toxic effects of metals. In Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology – The Basic Science of Poisons (ed. Klaassen, C. D.), McGraw Hill, New York, 2007, 7th edn, pp. 931–979.
- IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Monographs on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Some Drinking Water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including Arsenic, Lyon Press, France, 2004, vol. 84, pp. 269–247.
- Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2011, vol. 1/127, p. 49.
- Vagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Bhasha Vodhini Commentary (ed. Kulkarni, D. A.), Meharchanda Lakshamana Publications, New Delhi, 2010, vol. 3/93-94, p. 57.
- Vagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Bhasha Vodhini Commentary (ed. Kulkarni, D. A.), Meharchanda Lakshamana Publications, New Delhi, 2010, vol. 3/1, p. 42.
- Anon., The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, New Delhi, 2003, 2nd edn, Part I.
- Anon., The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, New Delhi, 2000, 1st edn, Part II.
- Vagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Bhasha Vodhini Commentary (ed. Kulkarni, D. A.), Meharchanda Lakshamana Publications, New Delhi, 2010, vol. 3/93, p. 56.
- Madhavacharya, Ayurveda Prakash, Arthavidhyotini Commentary (ed. Mishra, G.), Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2007, vol. 2/213-218, pp. 312–313.
- Sharma Sadanand, Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri Kashinath), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, 2000, vol. 11/106, 11th edn, p. 261.
- Vagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Bhasha Vodhini Commentary (ed. Kulkarni, D. A.), Meharchanda Lakshamana Publications, New Delhi, 2010, vol. 3/92, p. 57.
- Burns, P. C. and Percival, J. B., Alacranite, As4S4: a new occurrence, new formula, and determination of the crystal structure. Can. Mineral., 2001, 39(3), 809–818.
- Samal, A. K. and Srivastava, R. K., Petrographic and XRD studies on a new occurrence of molybdenite within late Archean mafic enclaves near Hyderabad, Eastern Dharwar craton, India. Curr. Sci., 2014, 106, 364–367.
- http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/realgar.pdf
- http://rruff.info/ doclib/hom/pararealgar.pdf
- Douglass, D. L., Shing, C. and Wang, G., The light-induced alteration of realgar to pararealgar. Am. Mineral., 1992, 77, 1266–1274.
- Clark, A. H., Alpha-arsenic sulfide from Mina Alacran, Pampa Larga, Chile. Am. Mineral., 1970, 55, 1338–1344.
- Popova, V. I., Popov, V. A., Clark, A., Polyakov, V. O., Borisovskii, S. E. and Borisovski, S. E., Alacránite As8S9; a new mineral. Zap. Vses. Min. Obshch., 1986, 115, 360–368.
- Bonazzi, P., Bindi, L., Popova, V., Pratesi, G. and Menchetti, S., Alacranite, As8S9: structural study of the holotype and reassignment of the original chemical formula. Am. Mineral., 2003, 88(11–12), 1796–1800.
- The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc., 1970–1979, 3rd edn.
- Chaudhary, A. and Singh, N., Herbo mineral formulations (Rasaoushadhies) of Ayurveda an amazing inheritance of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Ancient Sci. Life, 2010, 30(1), 18–26.
- Naveena, K., Doddamani, M. S. and Patgiri, B. J., Pharmaceutical – analytic study of the Ayurvedic purification of Manahshila (realgar). Asian J. Traditional Med., 2012, 7(4), 143–150.
- Raab, A., Ferreira, K., Andrew, A. and Meharg, F. J., Can arsenic– phytochelatin complex formation be used as an indicator for toxicity in Helianthus annuus? J. Exp. Bot., 2007, 58, 1333–1338.
- Jagetia, G. C., Baliga, M. S., Venkatesh, P. and Ulloor, J. N., Influence of ginger rhizome (Zingiber oficinale Rosc.) on survival, glutathione and lipid peroxidation in mice after whole-body exposure to gamma radiation. Radiat. Res., 2003, 160, 584–592.
- Wu, J. Z. and Ho, P. C., Evaluation of the in vitro activity and in vivo bio-availability of realgar nanoparticles prepared by cryogrinding. Eur. J. Pharmac. Sci., 2006, 29, 266–271.
- Is Mercury Really Toxic? The Way Forward for its Judicious Medicinal Applications Based on the Therapeutic Doctrines of Ayurveda
Abstract Views :323 |
PDF Views:80
Authors
Affiliations
1 Shri Krishna Ayurvedic Medical College, Rauna Khurda, Cholapur, Varanasi 221 101, IN
2 Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
1 Shri Krishna Ayurvedic Medical College, Rauna Khurda, Cholapur, Varanasi 221 101, IN
2 Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 114, No 08 (2018), Pagination: 1650-1655Abstract
Mercury-based formulations have been extensively used in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine with high therapeutic index. However, at present mercury is considered as a global pollutant having potent neurotoxic effects. Also, it has been proposed to ban the export, import and manufacture of a range of products containing mercury from 2021. This situation compels one to ponder how mercury-based formulations were safe during ancient times, but are now considered to be toxic. Naturally mercury occurs in three forms, viz. elemental (Hg), inorganic (HgS, HgCl2) and organic (MeHg). Organic mercury is completely absorbed by gastrointestinal tract, and elemental mercury is 75–80% absorbed by the lungs only in vapour state, while 10% of inorganic mercury is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, organic mercury crosses the blood brain barrier and placenta, producing neurotoxic symptoms and foetal toxicity. In Ayurvedic science, mercury is converted only into inorganic form with special stabilization technology and this stabilized mercury is converted to mercuric polysulphides under gastrointestinal conditions, whereas elemental mercury is converted to organic form by specific bacteria. Thus mercury available in the atmosphere is converted into organic form that is highly toxic, while using Ayurvedic methods it is converted to inorganic form having potent therapeutic activity. Judicious and injudicious application of mercury has advantageous and disadvantageous effect respectively.Keywords
Ayurveda, Mercury, Neurotoxic Effects, Pharmacokinetic Profile, Stabilization.Full Text
References
- Compelling case story: multiple sclerosis diagnosis was actually mercury poisoning from dental amalgams. 2014; http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/08/05/dental-amalgam-mercury-poisoning.aspx (accessed on 12 June 2016).
- Bose-O’Reilly, S., McCarty, K. M., Steckling, N. and Lettmeier, B., Mercury exposure and children’s health. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care, 2010, 40(8), 186–215.
- Masur, L. C., A review of the use of mercury in historic and current ritualistic and spiritual practices. Altern. Med. Rev., 2011, 16(4), 314–320.
- EPA, International actions for reducing mercury emissions and use, Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/international-actions-reducing-mercury-emissions-and-use (assessed on 15 May 2015).
- Mercury policy project promoting policies to eliminate mercury use and reduce mercury exposure. mercurypolicy.org (assessed on 15 May 2016).
- Mercury aligning EU legislation with Minamata; http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/579103/EPRS_BRI(2016)579103_EN.pdf (assessed on 8 July 2016).
- Sharma, S. and Tripathi, I., Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2010.
- Wong, H, G., Mercury and Chinese herbal medicine. Brit. J. Columbia Med., 2004, 46, 442.
- Kumar, A., Nair, A. G., Reddy, A. V. and Garg, A. N., Availability of essential elements in bhasmas: analysis of Ayurvedic metallic preparations by INAA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2006, 270(1), 173–180.
- Kumar, A., Nair, A. G., Reddy, A. V. and Garg, A. N., Unique Ayurvedic metallic–herbal preparations, chemical characterization. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2006, 109(3), 231–254.
- Paul, S. and Chugh, A., Assessing the role of Ayurvedic ‘bhasms’ as ethno-nanomedicine in the metal based nanomedicine patent regime. J. Intel. Prop. Rights, 2011, 16(6), 509–515.
- Hursh, J. B., Clarkson, T. W., Miles, E. F. and Goldsmith, L. A., Percutaneous absorption of mercury vapor by man. Arch. Environ. Health, 1989, 44(2), 120–127.
- Charak., Charak Samhita. In Kustha Chikitsa (eds Shastri, K. and Chaturvedi, G, K.), Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2004, p. 260.
- Charak., Charak Samhita. In Dwivrani Chikitsa (eds Shastri, K. and Chaturvedi, G, K.), Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2004, p. 714.
- Shushrut., Shushrut Samhita. In Kshudra Roga Chikitsa (eds Shashtri, A.), Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2007, reprint edn.
- Singh, S. K., Chaudhary, A., Rai, D. K. and Rai, S. B., Preparation and characterization of a mercury based Indian traditional drug–Ras-Sindoor. Indian J. Trad. Knowl., 2009, 8, 346–357.
- Austin, A., Chemical characterization of a gold and mercury based Siddha Sasthric preparation – poorna Chandrodayam. Am. J. Drug Discov. Dev., 2012, 2(3), 110–123.
- Anon., Formulary of Siddha Medicine, Indian Medical Practitioner’s Co-operative Pharmacy and Stores Ltd, Chennai, 1989.
- Kang-Yum, E. and Oransky, S. H., Chinese patent medicine as a potential source of mercury poisoning. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1992, 34(3), 235–238.
- Chuu, J. J., Hsu, C. J. and Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Abnormal auditory brainstem responses for mice treated with mercurial compounds: involvement of excessive nitric oxide. Toxicology, 2001, 162(1), 11–22.
- Bulbul, I. J., Ullah, M. O., Rahman, M., Rahman, K. A., Paul, A. K. and Choudhuri, M. S., Effect of ‘Garbha Cintamani Rasa’, an Ayurvedic formulation on lipid profile, liver function and kidney function parameters of rat plasma after chronic administration. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 2009, 32(1), 25–32.
- Kapoor, R. C., Some observations on the metal-based preparations in Indian systems of medicine. Indian J. Trad. Med., 2010, 9(3), 562–575.
- Jagtap, C. Y., Chaudhari, S. Y., Thakkar, J. H., Galib, R. and Prajapati, P. K., Assessment of genotoxic potential of Hridayarnava Rasa (a herbo-mineralo-metallic Ayurvedic formulation) using chromosomal aberration and sperm abnormality assays. Toxicol. Int., 2014, 21(3), 242–247.
- Vardhini, N. V., Sathya, T. N. and Murthy, P. B., Assessment of genotoxic potential of herbomineral preparations – bhasmas. Curr. Sci., 2010, 1096–1100.
- Sathya, T., Murthy, B. and Vardhini, N., Genotoxicity evaluation of certain Bhasmas using micronucleus and comet assays. Int. J. Alt. Med., 2009, 7, 1.
- Sinyorita, S., Ghosh, C. K., Chakrabarti, A., Auddy, B., Ghosh, R. and Debnath, P. K., Effect of Ayurvedic mercury preparation Makaradhwaja on geriatric canine – a preliminary study. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2011, 49, 534–539.
- Rai, P, D. and Rajput, S, J., Biological evaluation of polyherbal ayurvedic cardiotonic preparation Mahamrutyunjaya rasa. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2010, 2011.
- Zhou, X., Wang, L., Sun, X., Yang, X., Chen, C., Wang, Q. and Yang, X., Cinnabar is not converted into methylmercury by human intestinal bacteria. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2011, 135(1), 110–115.
- Kamath, S. U., Pemiah, B., Sekar, R. K., Krishnaswamy, S., Sethuraman, S. and Krishnan, U. M., Mercury-based traditional herbo-metallic preparations: a toxicological perspective. Arch. Toxicol., 2012, 86(6), 831–838.
- Kumar, G., Srivastava, A., Sharma, S. K. and Gupta, Y. K., Safety evaluation of an Ayurvedic medicine, Arogyavardhini vati on brain, liver and kidney in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 140(1), 151–160.
- Dwivedi, V., Anandan, E. M., Mony, R. S., Muraleedharan, T. S., Valiathan, M. S., Mutsuddi, M. and Lakhotia, S. C., In vivo effects of traditional Ayurvedic formulations in Drosophila melanogaster model relate with therapeutic applications. PLoS ONE, 2012, 14, 7(5), e37113.
- Kumar, G., Srivastava, A., Sharma, S. K. and Gupta, Y. K., The hypolipidemic activity of Ayurvedic medicine, Arogyavardhini vati in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats: a comparison with fenofibrate. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 2013, 4(3), 165–170.
- Kumar, G., Srivastava, A., Sharma, S. K. and Gupta, Y. K., Safety evaluation of mercury based Ayurvedic formulation (Sidh Makardhwaj) on brain cerebrum, liver and kidney in rats. Indian J. Med. Res., 2014, 139(4), 610–618.
- Kumar, G., Srivastava, A., Sharma, S. K., Rao, T. D. and Gupta, Y. K., Efficacy and safety evaluation of Ayurvedic treatment (Ashwagandha powder and Sidh Makardhwaj) in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a pilot prospective study. Indian J. Med. Res., 2015, 141(1), 100–106.
- Kawada, J., Nishida, M., Yoshimura, Y. and Mitani, K., Effects of organic and inorganic mercurials on thyroidal functions. J. Pharmacobiodyn., 1980, 3(3), 149–159.
- Smith, P. J., Langolf, G. D. and Goldberg, J., Effect of occupational exposure to elemental mercury on short term memory. Br. J. Ind. Med., 1983, 40(4), 413–419.
- Snapp, K. R., Boyer, D. B., Peterson, L. C. and Svare, C. W., The contribution of dental amalgam to mercury in blood. J. Dent. Res., 1989, 68(5), 780–785.
- Nylander, M., Friberg, L. and Lind, B., Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys in relation to exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Swed. Dent. J., 1986, 11(5), 179–187.
- Mercury and health, 2016; http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/ (assessed on 8 July 2016).
- Ronnback, L. and Hansson, E., Chronic encephalopathies induced by mercury or lead: aspects of underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Br. J. Ind. Med., 1992, 49(4), 233–240.
- Harada, M. et al., Monitoring of mercury pollution in Tanzania: relation between head hair mercury and health. Sci. Total Environ., 1999, 227(2), 249–256.
- Houston, M. C., Role of mercury toxicity in hypertension, cardio-vascular disease and stroke. J. Clin. Hypertens., 2011, 13(8), 621–627.
- Syversen, T. and Kaur, P., The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2012, 26(4), 215–226.
- Lund, B. O., Miller, D. M. and Woods, J. S., Studies on Hg(II)-induced H2O2 formation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1993, 45(10), 2017–2024.
- Drescher, O. et al., Methylmercury exposure, PON1 gene variants and serum paraoxonase activity in Eastern James Bay Cree adults. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2014, 24(6), 608–614.
- Miller, S., Pallan, S., Gangji, A. S., Lukic, D. and Clase, C. M., Mercury-associated nephrotic syndrome: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2013, 62(1), 135–138.
- Bhardwaj, A., Kar, J. P., Thakur, O. P., Srivastava, P. and Sehgal, H. K., Electrical characteristics of PbSe nanoparticle/Si hetero junctions. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2009, 9(10), 5953–5957.
- Gibb, H. and O’Leary, K. G., Mercury exposure and health impacts among individuals in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining community: a comprehensive review. Environ. Health Perspect., 2014, 122(7), 667–672.
- Mutter, J., Naumann, J. and Guethlin, C., Comments on the article ‘The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds’ by Clarkson and Magos (2006). Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2007, 37(6), 537–549.
- World Health Organization, Mercury Air Quality Guidelines – Second Edition, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000; http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/123079/AQG2ndEd_6_9Mercury.PDF (assessed on 4 July 2016).
- Sushrut., Sushrut Samhita. Siroroga (ed. Sharma, A. R.), Uttar Tantra Chaukhamba Surbharati, Varanasi, 2004, p. 169.
- Agorku, E. S., Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Voegborlo, R. B., Amegbletor, P. and Opoku, F., Mercury and hydroquinone content of skin toning creams and cosmetic soaps, and the potential risks to the health of Ghanaian women. Springer Plus, 2016, 5(1), 319.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini. In Parad Astasanskatiya Vigyan (ed. Shatri, K. N.), Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi, 2012, p. 78.
- Ouedraogo, O. and Amyot, M., Effects of various cooking methods and food components on bioaccessibility of mercury from fish. Environ. Res., 2011, 111(8), 1064–1069.
- George, G. N., Singh, S. P., Prince, R. C. and Pickering, I. J., Chemical forms of mercury and selenium in fish following digestion with simulated gastric fluid. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2008, 21(11), 2106–2110.
- Bhatt, G. K. and Tripathi, I., Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2010.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini. In Paribhasha Vigyaniyam (ed. Shastri, K. N.), Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi, 2012, p. 19.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini. In Murchhana Vigyaniyam (ed. Motilal Banarasidas), New Delhi, 2012, pp. 102–118.
- Lopez, F. A., Perez, C., Guerrero, A., Goni, S., Alguacil, F. J. and Lopez-Delgado, A., Stabilization of mercury by sulphur concrete: study of the durability of the materials obtained. Cal., 2009, 1, 1–5.
- Sarkar, P. K. and Chaudhary, A. K., Ayurvedic bhasma: the most ancient application of nanomedicine. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2010, 69(12), 901–905.
- Yadav, K. D. and Chaudhary, A. K., Classical and contemporary methods for conversion of toxic unstable mercury to safe and stable mercury. Indian J. Trad. Know., 2016, 15(3), 514–518.
- Madhav and Mishra, G., Ayurveda Prakash, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy. Varanasi, 2007, reprint edn.
- Lu, Y. F., Wu, Q., Liang, S. X., Miao, J. W., Shi, J. S. and Liu, J., Evaluation of hepatotoxicity potential of cinnabar-containing An-Gong-Niu-Huang Wan, a patent traditional Chinese medicine. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2011, 60(2), 206-–11.
- Bourgeois, M., Dooms-Goossens, A., Knockaert, D., Sprengers, D., Van Boven, M. and Van Tittelboom, T., Mercury intoxication after topical application of a metallic mercury ointment. Dermatology, 1986, 172(1), 48–51.
- Dart, R. C. and Sulliva, J. B., Mercury. In Medical Toxicology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia, USA, 2004, pp. 1437–1448.
- WHO, Children’s health and the environment. WHO Training Package for the Health Sector. http://www.who.int/ceh/capacity/Mercury.pdf (assessed on 17 June 2016).
- Robinson, J. B. and Tuovinen, O. H., Mechanisms of microbial resistance and detoxification of mercury and organomercury compounds: physiological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. Microbiol. Rev., 1984, 48(2), 95.
- Meyer, J., Schmidt, A., Michalke, K. and Hensel, R., Volatilisation of metals and metalloids by the microbial population of an alluvial soil. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 2007, 30(3), 229–238.
- Ward, D. M., Nislow, K. H. and Folt, C. L., Bioaccumulation syndrome: identifying factors that make some stream food webs prone to elevated mercury bioaccumulation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2010, 1195(1), 62–83.
- Food Web, Background. http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/ifishny/pdfs/lessons/inclass/elementary/FoodWeb-ackground.pdf (assessed on 2 April 2016).
- Roos, D., Seeger, R., Puntel, R. and Vargas Barbosa, N., Role of calcium and mitochondria in MeHg-mediated cytotoxicity. Bio-Med. Res. Int., 2012, 14, 2012.
- Aschner, M., Eberle, N. B., Goderie, S. and Kimelberg, H. K., Methylmercury uptake in rat primary astrocyte cultures: the role of the neutral amino acid transport system. Brain Res., 1990, 521(1), 221–228.
- Aschner, M., Eberle, N. B., Miller, K. and Kimelberg, H. K., Interactions of methylmercury with rat primary astrocyte cultures: inhibition of rubidium and glutamate uptake and induction of swelling. Brain Res., 1990, 530(2), 245–250.
- Do Nascimento, J. L. et al., Methylmercury neurotoxicity and antioxidant defenses. Indian J. Med. Res., 2008, 128(4), 373.
- Atchison, W. D. and Hare, M. F., Mechanisms of methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity. FASEB J., 1994, 8(9), 622–629.
- Sushant et al., Mercury-based traditional herbo-metallic preparations: a toxicological perspective. Arch. Toxicol., 2012, 86, 831–838.
- Characterization of Hg-Based Ayurvedic Drug Kajjali:Classical and Contemporary Approaches
Abstract Views :267 |
PDF Views:77
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Rasa Shastra, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
1 Department of Rasa Shastra, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi 221 005, IN
2 Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 115, No 6 (2018), Pagination: 1174-1178Abstract
This communication presents characterization of Kajjali, a mercury (Hg) based Indian traditional ayurvedic drug, by both ancient and contemporary methodology. For preparation of Kajjali, 225 g each of Shuddha Parada (purified mercury) and ,i>Shuddha Gandhak (purified sulphur), initially purified through traditional methods of purification as described in ayurvedic literature, were manually triturated using stone mortar and pestle until it became a very fine black coloured powder. This preparation process took up to ~78 h. Thereafter, Kajjali was characterized by classical and contemporary methods. Kajjali passed the classical tests like Rekhapurnatwa, Slakshanatwa, Nishchandratwa and Varitara. XRD study confirmed that Kajjali contains mercury sulphide (HgS), identified as metacinnabar (cubic form of HgS), in addition to free sulphur. Composition of Kajjali has been determined by EDXA method, which validated the presence of 88.84% mercury and 11.16% sulphur. SEM studies substantiated particle size distribution of Kajjali, which varied from 60 nm to 2 μm range. Such integration of classical and contemporary studies is important, because such vital medicines should be characterized properly for safety and efficacy before their appropriate use for diseases.Keywords
Kajjali, Metacinnabar, Sulphur, XRD.Full Text
References
- Sharma, V. and Chaudhary, A. K., Ayurvedic pharmacology and herbal medicine. Int. J. Green Pharm., 2015, 9(4), 192–197.
- Krishna, G., Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Satyartha Prakash Hindi Commentary, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 1992, 1st edn, 1/45, p. 5–6.
- Vagbhatta, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Bhasha Vodhini Commentary (ed. Kulkarni, D. A.), Meharchanda Lakshamana Publications, New Delhi, reprint 2010, vol. 1/77, p. 9.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, reprint 2009, 11th edn, vol. 5/101–108, pp. 97–98.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, reprint 2009, 11th edn, vol. 2/27–28, pp. 16–17.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, reprint 2009, 11th edn, vol. 6/107, p. 124.
- Liu, J., Shi Jing-Z., Yu Li-M., Goyer, R. A. and Waalkes, M. P., Mercury in traditional medicines: is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials? Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 2008, 233(7), 810–817.
- Kumar, A., Nair, A. G., Reddy, A. V. and Garg, A. N., Bhasmas: unique Ayurvedic metallicherbal preparations, chemical characterization. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2006, 109, 231–254.
- Lu, Y., Shi, J., Shi, J. and Liu, J., Safety evaluation of realgar-and cinnabar-containing traditional Chinese medicine. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi., 2011, 36(24), 3402–3405.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, reprint 2009, 11th edn, 6/112, p. 126.
- Shah, D. P., Zala, V., Damre, A. and Sathaye, S. S., Evaluation of bioavailability enhancement by Kajjali, an ayurvedic proprietary herbomineral product, Conference Paper in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 16th North American Regional International society for the study of xenobiotics Meeting, October 2009, www.issx.confex.com/issx/16na/webprogram/paper17724.html (accessed on 16 July 2015).
- Anon., The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2003, 2nd edn, Part I.
- Anon., The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2000, 1st edn, Part II.
- Anon., The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2013, 1st edn, Part III.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, reprint 2009, 11th edn, vol. 5/27–30, pp. 79–80.
- Acharya, J. T., Rasamrita English translation (ed. Joshi, D.), Chaukhambha Publications, Varanasi, reprint 2007, 2/3, p. 30.
- Sharma, S., Rasa Tarangini (ed. Shashtri, K.), Moti Lal Banarasidas, Varanasi, reprint 2009, 11th edn, vol. 2/27, pp. 16–17.
- Sharma, V. and Chaudhary, A., Pharmaceutical standardization of a novel anti Leukemic Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Biol. Arch., 2015, 6(1), 49–58.
- Samal, A. K. and Srivastava, R. K., Petrographic and XRD studies on a new occurrence of molybdenite within late Archean mafic enclaves near Hyderabad, Eastern Dharwar craton, India. Curr. Sci., 2014, 106(3), 364–367.
- Ramanan, N. et al., Investigating structural aspects to understand the putative/claimed non-toxicity of the Hg-based Ayurvedic drug Rasasindura using XAFS. J. Synchrotron Rad., 2015, 22(5), 1233– 1241.
- Meyer, B. and Kharasch, N., Elemental Sulfur: Chemistry and Physics, Interscience, New York, 1965.
- Warren, B. E. and Burwell, J. T. The structure of rhombic sulphur. J. Chem. Phys., 1935, 3(6).
- Goldberg, M., Langer, R. and Xinqiao, J., Nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2007, 18(3), 241–268.
- Sharma, V., Samal., A. K., Chaudhary, A. K. and Srivastava, R. K., Characterization and comparative physico-chemical studies of Manahshila (traditionally used arsenic mineral) and the corresponding polymorphs of realgar (As4S4). Curr. Sci., 2017, 112(9), 1936–1941.
- Koch, I., Moriarty, M., Sui, J., Rutter, A., Saper, R. B. and Reimer, K. J., Bioaccessibility of mercury in selected Ayurvedic medicines. Sci. Total Environ., 2013, 454–455, 9–15.